It is not, however, the first time that the peaceful transfer of power has faced serious challenges for the incoming President or for the nation. There was no peaceful transfer of power; Trump goaded mob into an attack on U.S. Capitol today ... • World leaders condemned the attack on democracy. After the electoral Revolution of 1800, Federalists and Republicans continued to hammer at each other for some years, rhetorically and electorally. So it was not surprising that it inspired hostility against recent immigrants seen to be supporting the rival party. Historians are generally too inclined to conclude that these early partisans were simply fumbling in the dark, wholly unenlightened about the usefulness of political parties. On this as on other political topics, the American founding holds up high standards for Americans themselves as well as for democrats elsewhere. Partisan warfare divided families in every state. Even if studying that experience cannot supply solutions that can be directly applied to later experiences in other times and places, it does tell us much about the kinds of problems that citizens and politicians must expect to have to deal with in contested and divisive transfers. Graham added, "there is no alternative to a peaceful transfer of power." King George III did tell the artist Benjamin West that Washington would be “the greatest character of the age” — but he did so 14 years later, in 1797, upon hearing Washington … 1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272. It also broke up friendships—perhaps most notably and poignantly the friendship between the revolutionary collaborators Thomas Jefferson of Virginia and John Adams of Massachusetts. STEVE INSKEEP, HOST: We're going to lay out the rules this morning for a presidential transition. A new president was sworn in Thursday in the Democratic Republic of the Congo — the first peaceful transfer of power in the country since the country was granted independence from Belgium in … But the distinction between these two kinds of principle must be kept within sight by democratic citizens and statesmen who would allow or encourage principled political conflicts, while maintaining the possibility of the peaceful resolution of those conflicts. In the end a political compromise led to a peaceful constitutional transfer of power rather than Monroe’s feared plan of usurpation at the federal town. Fights broke out in the capital between street gangs formed on party lines. "The winner of the November 3rd election will be inaugurated on January 20th," Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R … The peaceful transfer of power isn’t some ritual. Democratic elections change government office holders and policies. Or, if it is the challenging party that has lost the election, should it be content to leave peacefully in office people who are not just partisan opponents with disagreeable policies, but dangerous enemies of the country who do not deserve to be considered as legitimate governing officials? Before turning to the political history of the 1790s in order to see why this “terrorism” arose and how the peaceful “Revolution of 1800” came about in spite of it, it will be helpful to reflect on the nature of modern party politics more generally. We shall also see that partisan political conflict can be based on several different kinds of political principles, some more and some less conducive to non-violent resolutions of partisan conflict. It would have been less surprising if the Revolution of 1800, like other partisan revolutions throughout history, had been violent in itself, and had been followed up if not by executions and exiles then at least by long-term economic, social and political harassment, exclusion and punishment of the defeated partisans. Successful political parties have two sides: they need organizations—that is, networks of activists and of supporting interests—and they also need opinions, about people, principles and policies. Its experiences resemble those of later-emerging democracies. Parties without political principles and opinions, however much they might help broker coalitions of interests, will be unable to rise above the politics of self-interested factions, so in the long term they risk losing the interest of the public, and will be despised as mere parties of interest or cliques or cronies. The poisonous social and political climates in Philadelphia were made more deadly by recurrent yellow fever epidemics. At the end of the 1790s, there was talk in both parties of disunion in order to avoid compromising with the opposition, and of organizing armed attack or resistance. We can also learn much about the kinds of principles that can be at stake in democratic partisan conflicts. This is the most important lesson for democratic citizens and statesmen to learn from the American Revolution of 1800. For their part, American citizens, by recalling their own experience in the 1790s, can better appreciate the difficulties that confront new democracies, and can more fully understand some of the facts of human and political life that make democracy a valuable but also a rare and fragile species of government. The electoral Revolution of 1800 shows how even political parties that deeply distrust each other’s character and policies can nevertheless accept the outcome of an election that replaces one of these parties by the other. (The word was introduced into English after the French coinage of it by advocates of such tactics during the French Revolution.) Each president has peacefully handed over power to the next since 1797 when George Washington stepped down. It requires that these parties must have within them two different and potentially conflicting tendencies: a principled tendency, and a compromising tendency. After hesitating to make the commitment for weeks, President Donald Trump said he would accept a peaceful transfer of power if he loses the … Sometimes—as in many liberal democracies during the last quarter of the twentieth century—this distrust becomes too exaggerated and unhealthy, making parties seem completely useless to many good citizens. ... the first … In the 1790s, the name “Federalist” was taken by Americans who had favored the replacement of the Articles of Confederation (the first United States Constitution, adopted during the Revolutionary War) with the Constitution of 1787 (still in effect today). We wanted specifically to speak with you because you have witnessed moments in history where a peaceful transfer of power is not guaranteed — for example, in … The partisan conflict of the 1790s brought not only money but also sex scandals to widespread public attention. The famous pistol duel in which the former Federalist Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, was killed by the current Republican Vice President, Aaron Burr, in 1804 was an aftershock of the partisan competition of the 1790s. We shall see that many circumstances contributed to this happy outcome. Political conflict was criminalized; each party attempted to weaken the other by prosecuting its supporters for seditious libel. Niger has had its first democratic transfer of power after Mohamed Bazoum was sworn in as president. The partisanship of the 1790s took place in the midst of foreign policy crises, and involved Americans’ very conflicting attitudes to Britain and France, the two superpowers of the day. George Washington's Legacy Alone Was Enough to Guarantee a Peaceful Transfer of Presidential Power—Until Now The Founding Father insisted on … Why should either a governing or a challenging party accept an unfavorable election outcome determined by a few doubtfully legitimate vote counts, when such important principles are at stake? The first of these, which coincided with the first partisan campaign in 1792, came on the heels of the dispiriting news of the humiliating defeat of a United States army by Indians in the Ohio Territory, who killed more than 900 out of a force of 1400. The president has constantly fanned false concerns about mail-in … The man mainly responsible for this mismanagement was a speculator in government debt certificates, who was blamed (not without reason) for setting off the first financial panic, and who spent the rest of the decade (until his death in 1799) in debt and jail. Should the government of the day respect the election results, and quietly hand over power to such traitors? Not every partisan principle is a fundamental principle of democracy itself, for which one must fight unrelentingly, with bullets if necessary. Federalists were “the friends of the Constitution,” who had labored to get it ratified by conventions in each state, and to get the new government working after the ratification had occurred in 1788. … We can better appreciate the thoughts and actions of the first modern partisan politicians if we look at them in this context. In liberal democracies, there is always something awkwardly contradictory in the basic positions taken by major parties, for they must sincerely uphold and insist upon principles that cannot be compromised, at the same time that they must subject themselves to the democratic rule that their party’s principles can govern the country only if they are supported by the voters. George H.W. (Both Hamilton and Jefferson were touched by the latter.) Moreover, by assuming the superiority of our easier acceptance of parties, we forget how the public acceptance of party competition, insofar as that acceptance is shared by the partisans themselves, requires a paradox within the parties. In these regimes, even when one party is hegemonic, governments generally remain not only very distinct from but also more dignified and respectable than parties, and there is a public distrust of parties, party politics, and party politicians. The first ever peaceful transition of power after bitterly contested popular elections fought by principled partisans occurred in America, in the “Revolution of 1800,” after elections that gave the Republican party led by Thomas Jefferson control over both the presidency and congress. Today Americans generally have a greater need to relearn the advantages than to dwell on the disadvantages of political parties. It fed on and encouraged violent taxpayer revolts and the federal government’s armed suppression of these revolts. Other countries have patchier records. But that quote is a fake. A peaceful transition or transfer of power is a concept important to democratic governments in which the leadership of a government peacefully hands over control of government to a newly-elected leadership. How could he expect the defeated Federalist party peacefully to accept reversals of major policies both domestic and foreign? How could these two revolutionary changes be compatible? The White House is a stage for the peaceful transfer of power from one administration to the next. Both the Republicans and their opponents, the Federalist party, believed that the fundamental principles of democracy were at stake in the conflict between the two parties. And China and Russia, two giant authoritarian states, have had no peaceful electoral transitions of power from one party to a … When political parties have these extreme differences, how can civil war be avoided? Four years earlier, Adams had narrowly defeated Jefferson for the presidency. Some past presidents had left letters for their successors, but the … — Boris Johnson (@BorisJohnson) January 6, 2021 Printers of partisan writings were also physically harassed. Often the changes in policies represent a change of emphasis. Moreover, while the first partisan alternation in history occurred, albeit painfully, in the United States as early as in 1801, defeats of incumbents (persons, parties, or designated successors) have been rare until recently and peaceful transfers of power resulting from elections even more so. That realization by the Federalists, and the terrible animosities that had dominated elections for several years up to 1800, make it all the more remarkable that the elections of 1800 resulted in a peaceful transition of power. Weah, internationally known for earning the African, European and World Player of the Year in 1995, has served as How John Adams Established the Peaceful Transfer of Power The election of 1800 marked the first time the leader of one political party handed the reins of … All the resources of reason, and of wrath, were exhausted by each party in support of its own, and to prostrate the adversary opinions.”. By acknowledging this continuing questionableness of political parties, we can better understand why the first establishment of political parties as normal and more or less respectable political devices was not easy, and why it has been difficult to initiate party government in many new democracies. They became rival candidates for the presidency in 1796 and 1800, with Vice President Adams, as the heir apparent, winning in 1796, and Jefferson more convincingly and durably triumphing in 1800. Even today the normalization of political parties—the public acceptance of parties as respectable ways of organizing political conflicts and choices—remains incomplete, even though it has become second nature. There are important differences between totalitarian and democratic regimes on this issue of public acceptance of the role of political parties, but there is also this very important similarity: even in modern totalitarian regimes, where the single ruling party is understood and treated as superior to the constitution and the legitimately-constituted government, this party remains more hidden and less public than the government. Powered by Beck & Stone, From Bullets to Ballots: The Election of 1800 and the First Peaceful Transfer of Political Power, The Significance of the Revolution of 1800, The “Terrorism” of the 1790s: Violent Prelude to Peaceful Change, The Paradoxical and Two-Sided Nature of Modern Political Parties. It is important to appreciate that this Progressive attitude is very different from the suspicion about parties that the American founders displayed. Nigerians are excited to witness the first peaceful transfer of power in their country's history. After they resumed their correspondence in 1812, Jefferson and Adams wrote of the “terrorism” in America in the 1790s, meaning an attempt by one party to intimidate the other into submission. The chief significance of the election of 1800, as Smith rightly identified it, was the peaceful transfer of power between two parties. Today it is widely recognized that the political experience of the United States in the 1770s and 1780s—the winning of independence, the writing of constitutions in each of the new states, and the establishment of the new federal Constitution of 1787—provides useful lessons about constructing liberal democracies. In America, this extreme and unhealthy distrust of political parties—which persists in many quarters today—grew out of the “Progressive” reaction to the corrupt conditions of political parties in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The United States stands for democracy around the world and it is now vital that there should be a peaceful and orderly transfer of power. Indeed, we shall see that, on the subject of political parties, Americans have little room for complacency about their own current theory and practice. President-elect Weah defeated Vice President Joseph Boakai, 73. It is also a development that is not nearly as natural or straightforward as its current familiarity might suggest. However, the Republican victory of 1800 was never seriously threatened with reversal, so the partisan warfare became muted by the Republicans’ satisfaction that they had won the war and by the Federalists’ grim realization that they had lost it. Given that the Federalists and Republicans came to view each other as serious threats to the country’s future, the scope and the depth of the partisan animosity that appeared in the 1790s are not surprising. Letter from … Each president has peacefully handed over power to … These words have been said by every President of the United States since 1789, when George Washington became the nation's first President. But occasionally political parties in democratic regimes become deeply and bitterly opposed to each other because the parties are convinced that their opponents threaten to abandon the country’s most fundamental principles. They are nevertheless remarkable. As Jefferson said in his First Inaugural Address, “every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle.” Moreover, as his peaceful partisan revolution shows, not every difference of principle is a difference of fundamental political principle. If their rhetoric becomes “mere” rhetoric, mere lip service, they lose one of their main reasons for being—and risk turning the public’s natural and instinctive distrust of party politics into an unnatural and alienating disgust. Sometimes they are more significant but not so drastic that the defeated party cannot readily accept them at least until the next election. There was at least one scuffle between two congressmen on the floor of the House of Representatives, and the Speaker of the House was stabbed (though not killed) by his cousin after the Speaker had betrayed his Republican party (and family) ties by breaking a crucial tie in favor of the Federalists. Bazoum succeeds President Mahamadou Issoufou who is stepping down after serving two terms, in accordance with Niger’s constitution. The ritual of self-praise for accomplishing a peaceful transfer of power appears to be a relatively recent one. The swearing-in ceremony allows for the peaceful transfer of power from one President to another. Today, if we avoid a Progressive or other purist distaste for political parties, we are so much in the habit of accepting them—and we are in any case harangued by political scientists into accepting them—that we easily forget how strange this acceptance is. Benjamin Disraeli’s succinct definition makes the point: “Party is organized opinion.” Would-be parties that are merely sets of opinions, without such an organization and without a focus on winning elections by forming coalitions of interests, will be more like debating clubs. It formally gives the "power of the people" to the person who has been chosen to lead the United States. Historians who come to that conclusion have clearly missed an important fact about the nature of political parties in liberal democracies, today as well as in the past. There were violent public protests against the federal government’s foreign policies. “The United States congratulates the Government of the Republic of Seychelles and the Seychellois people on a successful election and looks forward to a peaceful transfer of power. CNN's Christian Purefoy reports. The “Terrorism” of The 1790s: Violent Prelude to Peaceful Change John Adams established the first peaceful transfer of power in 1801. But it would be odd if the distrust of parties were to disappear altogether, for in liberal democratic politics there is something inherently suspicious in a party—by definition a part of the community, however large—claiming to have superior knowledge or ability. Emphasizing this difficulty in the birth of party government does not mean we have to adopt the condescending view that the partisans of the 1790s were improvising a way of organizing political conflict that they did not understand at all. And what if the election result was very close, and perhaps also included (as is generally the way with close elections) some very contestable counting of the votes? This has been true in all modern regimes, totalitarian as well as democratic. (Historians now think that both medical theories were partly right.) This in itself was a revolutionary change in the way that principled political conflict was normally resolved. All democracies are emerging democracies, in the sense that they are always in danger of sinking into bad habits of thinking and acting. In liberal democracies, the hesitation to completely identify legitimate governmental power with political party power is even more obvious. Bush - Bill Clinton. The election marked the first peaceful transfer of power in Liberia since 1944. These events were also linked to the partisan conflicts, because Republicans blamed Federalist policies for speculative financial bubbles, and one of the reasons for the army’s defeat in Ohio proved to be mismanagement of procurement contracts. The American republic was the first “new nation” and the first “emerging democracy” in the modern world. The peaceful transition of power is what will separate this country from every other country in the world." Americans were also disturbed by recurrent financial panics during the decade. This may be after elections or during the transition from a different kind of political regime, such as the postcommunist period after the fall of the Soviet Union, or the elections in Libya following the fall of Muammar Gaddafi. McConnell, other Republicans split with Trump on peaceful transfer of power By Susan Heavey and Doina Chiacu WASHINGTON (Reuters) - U.S. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and other top Republicans on Thursday repudiated President Donald Trump's refusal to commit to a peaceful transfer of power and assured American voters that November's election outcome will be accepted Issoufou’s decision to respect the constitution has been widely hailed and paves the way for Niger’s first peaceful, democratic transfer of power since its independence from France in 1960. Even President Richard Nixon, during his first Inaugural Address in 1969, commented on the peaceful transfer of power, saying, "In the orderly transfer of power… It defined us as a country, and while America sparked an age of revolution, it emerged as the only comparatively stable republic. The Revolution of 1800 was the first time in human history that the long-hallowed appeal to bullets was replaced by the appeal to ballots in such a contest. Without this, democracy is incomplete. This American experience is the first example of a peaceful liberal democratic transfer of political power. In any lively democratic partisan debate, there is bound to be some confusion between the fundamental principles of democracy and conflicting partisan opinions (also called principles) about what is to be done. But in Tuesday's debate, President Trump raised the specter of a disputed election. Being a sincere, principled partisan and being at the same time an equally sincere partisan of a party system in which your party might lose is not an easy posture to adopt or to maintain. In the eyes of many in the world, this every 4-year ceremony we accept as normal is nothing less than a miracle. TeachingAmericanHistory.org is a project of the Ashbrook Center at Ashland University, Privacy Policy So while it is important for parties to learn to accept compromise and to focus partly on the maintenance of their supporting coalitions of interests, it is equally important for major parties to remain parties of principle. What has happened is not that we have grown out of the supposedly “immature” anti-party attitudes of the first partisans, but that we have forgotten some of the reasons why democratic citizens continue to be of two minds about parties. It is less widely recognized but no less true that the American political experience of the 1790s offers useful lessons about setting democracy into motion by developing a publicly respectable role for modern political parties. So while the total rejection of party politics is dangerous, the incompleteness of the public acceptance of party politics is understandable, and can be compatible with a healthy appreciation of the advantages of party for modern democracy. Rep. Liz Cheney of Wyoming, a member of the House GOP leadership, tweeted: “The peaceful transfer of power is enshrined in our Constitution and fundamental to … USA.gov, The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration But it also provoked incivility between former friends and long-time fellow citizens. Another notable casualty of party warfare was the political partnership between James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York, who had collaborated in working for the ratification of the Constitution, and were the main co-authors of The Federalist Papers (a still famous series of essays advocating and analyzing the Constitution). 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